"The New Forest" -
not NEW at all. (A brief history):
When Duke William of Normandy conquered England in 1066 and became King William I, this area was wood and uncultivated land with sparsely scattered homesteads and farms.
The city of Winchester became England’s capital, and the king looked for a nearby hunting ground. In 1079, ‘Nova foresta’ (or the ‘New Forest’) was created by William I as a Royal hunting preserve, for the protection of the ‘vert’ (trees) and the ‘venison’.
The Forest Law protected the ‘beasts of the chase’ (deer) and their habitat with offences punishable by fines or even death. Peasants unable to enclose their land were granted common rights to graze domestic animals throughout the forest. The area was first recorded as the New Forest in the Doomsday Book 1086.
From the 13th to the 15th centuries, demand for timber increased, as it became the principal raw material of the time. Laws were passed to enable parts of the forest to be enclosed. Some of these inclosures were subsequently re-opened once the trees were mature enough to withstand the attentions of browsing animals. This process became known as the rolling powers of inclosure. Inclosures for timber growing still exist today.
During World War II, the forest changed beyond all recognition as the grazed lawns were ploughed and sown for crops to feed the nation, and aerodromes and army camps were established. The forest’s location on the south coast meant it played an integral part of the D-Day operations. (Find out more at
newforestnpa.gov.uk/wwii.)
CommoningCommoners are people who have the right to use the resources of the unenclosed forest land, even though they do not own it. Common rights attach to property and land rather than specific individuals or families. The right of pasture (to graze animals) is crucial in maintaining the New Forest’s open character.
There are over 600 commoners who turn out a total of over 7,000 animals in the New Forest. Ponies, cattle and donkeys are allowed to graze the forest all year.
Pigs are turned out for the autumn pannage season, to eat the fallen acorns, which are poisonous to the ponies.
The New Forest Verderers regulate commoning and development on the forest. They work with the Forestry Commission and Natural England to protect the forest and the commoners’ rights. The Court of Verderers, established by the 1877 New Forest Act, meets in public ten times a year in The Queen’s House, Lyndhurst. The court is presided over by ten Verderers, five who are elected and five appointed.
The Verderers employ five Agisters who ride allocated areas of the forest to look after the day-to-day welfare of the commoners’ stock. From late summer to autumn ‘drifts’, or round-ups, are held throughout the forest. Foals and mares that remain on the forest over winter are marked with brands and the tails of mares are cut in distinctive patterns to show the marking fee has been paid and to indicate where their owner lives. At the drifts ponies may also be wormed, have reflective collars put on, and any to be sold or over-wintered on a commoner’s holding are removed.